The far right does not emerge outside mainstream political culture. Its nationalism, authoritarianism and populism draw on ideas with deep roots in Australian life.

The reasons for the rise of far-right politics are often cited as financial stress, housing shortages and frustration with government.

Yet this doesn’t explain why disillusioned voters are drifting toward the far right instead of the left.

To understand that, we need to look at how far-right ideas actually connect to mainstream Australian values – not treat the far right as some separate, foreign or imported movement.

The common assumption is that far-right politics is fundamentally opposed to democratic values, or as a kind of “sickness” in an otherwise healthy system.

Political scientist Cas Mudde argues the opposite: “The radical right isn’t a rejection of mainstream values, it’s an extreme version of them.” Meaning this drift to the right has grown out of ideas already normal and accepted, just pushed further.

To see this, it helps to look at the three core ingredients of far-right politics – nationalism, authoritarianism and populism – and ask how much of each already exists in Australian life.

Nationalism: Defining who counts as ‘us’

Nationalist language is nothing new in Australian politics.

Phrases like the “national interest”, “Australian values” and warnings about the “nation in danger” are everywhere, and people who disagree with those phrases are often branded “un-Australian”.

This has deep roots. The dispossession of, and violence against, First Nations peoples was foundational to the Australian state, and legal scholar Irene Watson argues that this violence remains built into Australian law today.

One of the very first laws passed by the new federal parliament in 1901 was the White Australia Policy, which tied national identity directly to race.

We like to think we’ve moved past this, but in the lead-up to the 2016 election, then-immigration minister Peter Dutton claimed refugees “won’t be numerate or literate” and would be “taking Australian jobs”.

These two claims, that refugees are simultaneously incapable and a threat, are not as contradictory as they sound. Together they paint outsiders as both lesser and dangerous, while reassuring “hard-working families” that their fear of falling behind is justified, and that someone or some party or grouping needs to protect them from these threats.

Authoritarianism: Institutions turned against citizens

Cases of authoritarianism, meaning when a government uses state power to override democratic norms, have been seen in Australia.

For example, the 2007 military intervention into remote Northern Territory Indigenous communities (codenamed Operation Outreach, led by the Australian Defence Force, at prime minister John Howard’s direction) led to compulsory income management, enforced bans on alcohol, pornography and gambling in dozens of communities and suspended the permit system for access to Aboriginal lands and acquired government-controlled leases over townships.

Another clear case was the Robodebt fiasco introduced by Coalition governments between 2015 and 2019. It led to investigations into nearly half a million welfare recipients claiming they owed money they didn’t actually owe.

The fallout was severe, including at least five suicides linked to the debt-collection process.

When Labor formed government in 2022 it called a royal commission into Robodebt, which Dutton as the new Liberal leader dismissed as a “witch hunt”.

Dutton said instead of the royal commission, the public focus should be on families “struggling to pay their power bills”.

Framing the issue as one between welfare recipients and struggling families reinforces a far-right idea: That one group’s wellbeing must come at another group’s expense.

And that taps into another old colonial pattern where “our” security has always been linked to dispossessing someone else.

Populism: Speaking for ‘the people’

The claim of populists is that they are the authentic voice of ordinary people and against the views of “out-of-touch elites”.

That is not necessarily unique to the far right, as every party in Australia uses this pitch to some degree. It works because it resonates with people who feel left behind by leaders they see as elitist and out of touch.

What’s different about today’s far-right populism is how directly it merges with nationalism.

There is an emerging message from the far right that the elites are rigging the system to favour “others”. By that they mean the elites favour Indigenous Australians, immigrants and people of colour over “hard-working Australian families”.

The implication is unmistakable – real Australians are white, and everyone else is undeservedly benefiting from the system.

A pattern, not an accident

Far-right movements don’t emerge from nowhere, they derive from existing ideas and are then updated and refashioned into something new and appropriate to current circumstances.

That’s exactly what’s happening now.

The One Nation far right is drawing on very Australian nationalist and authoritarian threads already woven into society, and is repackaging them to address and explain today’s anxieties.

If we treat the far right as a fringe problem involving only a small number of extremists, we miss how deeply these ideas are already embedded in the mainstream – and how much work it will take to address that.

Dr Ibolya Losoncz is a research fellow at the School of Global Governance and Regulation at Australian National University