Western countries are scrambling to review safety measures at airports and borders amid a mounting wave of fear that West Africa’s Ebola outbreak will spread worldwide.

As US lawmakers grilled officials over how an infected nurse was allowed to board a crowded flight, European officials promised a review of how passengers from Ebola-hit countries are screened.

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The World Health Organisation vowed to ramp up its efforts to help 15 African countries defend themselves against the virus, which has already killed around 4500 people.

An infected Spanish patient is transferred to hospital.

France and Spain placed several potential victims under observation and in Liberia, the worst hit country so far, the minister of transport placed herself in quarantine after her driver died.

EU health commissioner Tonio Borg said the bloc would review exit screening of travellers from Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone, in co-ordination with the WHO.

And EU health ministers, meeting in Brussels, agreed to co-ordinate measures at entry points to the 28-member region, although any decision on screening for Ebola rests with individual European countries.

Health workers evacuated

A string of health workers have been evacuated back to Europe from Africa with Ebola, but the only confirmed case of transmission on the continent so far is a Spanish nurse in Madrid.

Doctors in Spain have identified six more cases of possible infection, including a missionary priest who recently returned from Liberia and has shown signs of fever.

And in France, a nurse who had earlier helped treat a returning Ebola patient was taken to a military hospital with what an official called a “suspect fever” – though initial tests for the virus came back negative.

An Ebola medical worker.

In the US, two nurses who treated a Liberian traveller have now fallen ill, to the embarrassment of health authorities, who faced questioning about how the disease had spread.

Nursing unions claim the Texas hospital where the caregivers work had been ill-prepared, and legislators are angry that one of the patients was allowed to take a domestic flight despite mild fever symptoms.

Death toll mounts

As of Sunday, 4493 people had died out of a total of 8997 cases in the outbreak, according to the WHO, which has warned that the infection rate could reach 10,000 a week by early December.

The vast majority of the cases have been in Liberia and its neighbours Sierra Leone and Guinea, which are also at the centre of WHO efforts to contain the disease.

Eleven other African countries had also been singled out for special assistance.

“We need to make sure it doesn’t spread to other countries,” Isabelle Nuttall, head of the WHO’s alert and response arm, told reporters in Geneva.

Former UN secretary-general Kofi Annan delivered stinging criticism of the world’s response, charging that wealthy countries were slow to tackle the crisis because it began in Africa.

Barack Obama discussing Ebola at the White House on Wednesday.

“If the crisis had hit some other region it probably would have been handled very differently,” the Ghanaian diplomat told the flagship BBC program Newsnight.

“In fact when you look at the evolution of the crisis, the international community really woke up when the disease got to America and Europe.”

Screening increase

Airports in Britain, Canada and the US have already introduced stepped-up screening of travellers arriving from West Africa.

Senior US legislators overseeing homeland security also joined calls on Wednesday for a temporary ban on all travel from west Africa.

After convening the second Ebola crisis meeting in as many days at the White House, President Barack Obama said he had “no philosophical objection” to a ban, but added he did not think it would be that effective.

While WHO recommends exit screening of passengers from the badly affected countries, it does not recommend entry screening, although the organisation does not oppose it, Nuttall said.

She cautioned that such screening does not detect infected passengers who have not yet developed symptoms, warning they could “give a sense of false security”.

But as the world scrambles to rein in the raging virus, UN rights chief Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein warned that respect for the rights of survivors and affected communities risked being sacrificed.